In an editorial published in the second issue of the fifth volume of the Nursing Practice Today, an issue was raised about an inconsistency between the registration information and the final report of a clinical trial published in the first issue of the fifth volume of the Journal. . .310-312

In a number of important clinical issues such as evaluation of the efficacy or effectiveness of therapeutic or preventive interventions as well as for comparing the harms of interventions, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) provide the highest levels of evidence, either directly or indirectly. It is obvious that critical appraisal of these studies to assess their validity and precision is of paramount importance.The aim of this review is to provide the readership an outline about different types of RCTs, the importance of proper appraisal of RCTs, an overview of the most important factors that have an influence on the validity of an RCTand a strategy for systematic evaluation of those factors, and to introduce some useful methods for improving design, implementation and reporting of RCTsas well as some tools that are used for the evaluation of these studies.It is expected that after reading this review, the reader obtains some knowledge about different phases and types of RCTs, as well as being enabled to evaluate the four major factors: randomization sequence generation, randomization concealment, blinding and intention to treat analysis that affect the validity of an RCT.

Clinical trials are research projects that are performed on human subjects to determine the efficiency of certain medical or behavioral interventions or therapy. This review will focus on a few of the most critical differences between straightforward projects and those that include a higher level of complexity. A complicated endeavor can have a variety of connotations for various individuals. One further measure that may be utilized to quantify the level of complexity that the task entails is the number of individual interactions that are necessary to complete it. The greater the number of functional units that interact with one another, the more complicated the integration will be. When functional units are dispersed around the globe and when differences in cultural norms make it difficult for them to interact with one another, things can become complicated very quickly. When the scope, cost, and length of the project are all larger, it is more likely that changes in the scope will influence the budget and the timeline. Cost and time overruns are more likely to occur in clinical projects that are larger and more complicated. The co-clinical projects decrease the disparity available between pre-clinical investigations and clinical trials. Emerging data such as artificial intelligence from closed sub-protocols have the potential impact on the conduct of ongoing studies in the case of biomedicine and nanomedicine. Furthermore, in this review, we have discussed current nanomedicine in the clinical stages.